Patient conversation
Patient conversation
×General Examination
×General Appearance
- DressAdd notes here
- GroomingAdd notes here
- Personal hygieneAdd notes here
- Level of consciousnessAdd notes here
Vital Signs
- TemperatureAdd notes here
- Heart Rate (Pulse)Add notes here
- Blood PressureAdd notes here
- Respiratory RateAdd notes here
Skin color
- PallorAdd notes here
- CyanosisAdd notes here
- JaundiceAdd notes here
Obvious lesions
- RashesAdd notes here
- BruisesAdd notes here
- ScarsAdd notes here
- DiscolorationAdd notes here
Odors of breath
- AlcoholAdd notes here
- AcetoneAdd notes here
- Fetor hepaticusAdd notes here
- UremicAdd notes here
- PutridAdd notes here
Behavior and Motor Activity
- Preferred postureAdd notes here
- ParalysisAdd notes here
- RestlessnessAdd notes here
- TremorsAdd notes here
- AtaxiaAdd notes here
- Ease of WalkingAdd notes here
Indications of distress
- Cardiorespiratory insufficiencyAdd notes here
- PainAdd notes here
- AnxietyAdd notes here
- Physical discomfortAdd notes here
Physical Examination
ABCs of First Aid
Cardiovascular
Respiratory
Abdominal
Musculoskeletal
Neurological
Ophthalmic
Ent
Skin and Extremities
Genitourinary
psychiatry
intial management
Patient is not breathing. Please take action!
Patient is dehydrated. Please take action!
Patient has peritonitis. Please take action!
Differential diagnosis
XCardiovascular
▼Respiratory
▼Gastrointestinal
▼Neurological
▼Musculoskeletal
▼Endocrine
▼Hematologic
▼Genitourinary
▼Psychiatric
▼Selected Diagnoses (0/4)
Investigation
×Complete Blood Count (CBC)
A comprehensive test that evaluates red blood cells, white blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and platelets. It helps diagnose conditions like anemia, infection, and many other disorders.
Iron Profiles
a group of tests that measure the amount of iron in your blood and other related parameters to diagnose and monitor iron-related conditions such as anemia and iron overload.
Liver Function Tests
Measures enzymes like ALT, AST, ALP, and bilirubin. Elevated levels may indicate liver injury, bile duct problems, or red blood cell breakdown.
Renal Function Tests
Evaluates kidney function by measuring blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Abnormal levels suggest kidney impairment
Thyroid Function Tests
Includes TSH, Free T3, and Free T4. Abnormal levels indicate hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism, helping in the diagnosis and management of thyroid disorders
Cardiac Markers
Includes troponin, CK-MB, and BNP. Elevated levels are crucial in diagnosing acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, and cardiac stress.
Lipid Profile
Measures cholesterol levels including LDL, HDL, and triglycerides. It's essential for assessing cardiovascular disease risk.
Coagulation Profile
Includes PT, aPTT, and INR, which assess the blood's ability to clot. It's vital in diagnosing bleeding disorders or monitoring anticoagulant therapy.
Glucose Tests
Measures fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, and glucose tolerance. These are key in diagnosing and managing diabetes.
Electrolytes
Evaluates sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate levels. Imbalances can indicate kidney disease, dehydration, or other metabolic conditions.
ABG
Assesses oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH levels in blood. It’s critical in evaluating respiratory and metabolic function.
CSF Analysis
Involves testing the CSF for protein, glucose, and cell count. It helps diagnose infections, hemorrhages, and neurological disorders.
Peritoneal Fluid Analysis
Tests fluid from the abdominal cavity for protein, LDH, and cells. It helps diagnose infections, malignancies, or liver disease.
CRP
A marker of inflammation, elevated CRP indicates acute inflammation or infection
ESR
Measures the rate at which red blood cells settle in a tube. It’s a nonspecific marker of inflammation.
Amylase
Enzymes that digest carbohydrates and fats. Elevated levels typically indicate pancreatitis.
Lipase
Enzymes that digest carbohydrates and fats. Elevated levels typically indicate pancreatitis.
HIV Ab/Ag Test
Detects HIV antibodies and antigens in blood, crucial for early HIV diagnosis.
HBV surface Ag
Screens for hepatitis B infection, indicating active or chronic hepatitis B.
HCV Ab
Detects antibodies to hepatitis C, suggesting past or current hepatitis C infection.
Syphilis VDRL
A screening test for syphilis, it detects antibodies produced in response to the infection.
Urinalysis
A comprehensive analysis of urine, including tests for pH, protein, glucose, and microscopic examination. It helps diagnose urinary tract infections, kidney disease, and metabolic disorders.
Urine Culture
Identifies bacteria causing urinary tract infections, guiding antibiotic therapy.
24-H Urine Collection
Measures substances in urine over 24 hours, including creatinine, protein, and electrolytes, providing insight into kidney function and metabolic disorders.
Rheumatoid Factor (RF)
RF is an autoantibody that targets the Fc region of IgG. Elevated levels suggest RA, but it can also be elevated in other autoimmune diseases and chronic infections.
Anti-CCP Antibodies
Autoantibodies directed against peptides and proteins that are citrullinated. Highly specific for RA, used to confirm the diagnosis
Antinuclear Antibodies (ANA)
Autoantibodies that target nuclear components.Commonly found in SLE and other autoimmune diseases.
Anti-dsDNA Antibodies
Autoantibodies targeting double-stranded DNA. Specific marker for SLE, especially associated with lupus nephritis
Anti-Sm Antibodies
Autoantibodies targeting Smith protein, part of the small nuclear ribonucleoproteins. Highly specific for SLE
Anti-Ro/SSA & Anti-La/SSB Ab
Autoantibodies associated with Sjögren's syndrome and SLE. Often seen in SLE and Sjögren’s syndrome
HLA-B27
A genetic marker associated with Ankylosing Spondylitis and other spondyloarthropathies
CSF Oligoclonal Bands
Bands of immunoglobulins found in cerebrospinal fluid.: Suggests chronic inflammation in the central nervous system, commonly seen in Multiple Sclerosis.
Tissue Transglutaminase IgA
Autoantibodies against tissue transglutaminase. Highly sensitive and specific for celiac disease
Endomysial Antibodies (EMA)
Autoantibodies against the endomysium. Highly specific for celiac disease.
BRCA1 & 2 Mutations
Genetic mutations associated with a high risk of breast and ovarian cancer.Significantly increases the risk of developing breast and ovarian cancers
HER2/neu
A protein that promotes cell growth, overexpressed in some breast cancers. Associated with more aggressive breast cancer and poor prognosis
PSA
A protein produced by prostate cells.Elevated levels suggest prostate cancer or benign prostate conditions
Gleason Score
A grading system for prostate cancer based on microscopic appearance that determines the aggressiveness of prostate cancer
HTT Gene Mutation
A genetic mutation causing Huntington’s disease that causes progressive neurodegeneration
CFTR Gene Mutations
Mutations in the CFTR gene cause cystic fibrosis
ECG
A test that records the electrical activity of the heart it help in diagnosis of Heart arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, ischemia, and other heart conditions
Echocardiography
An ultrasound of the heart that visualizes its structure and function it help in diagnosis of Heart valve disorders, heart failure, cardiomyopathies, congenital heart defects.
PFTs
A group of tests that measure lung function, including the ability to inhale and exhale air and how efficiently the lungs transfer oxygen into the blood it help in diagnosis of Asthma, COPD, restrictive lung diseases, and other respiratory conditions.
Upper GI Endoscopy
A procedure that uses a flexible scope to visualize the upper gastrointestinal tract (esophagus, stomach, and duodenum) it helps in diagnosis of GERD, ulcers, tumors, celiac disease, esophageal varices.
Colonoscopy
A procedure that uses a flexible scope to visualize the interior of the colon and rectum it helps in diagnosis of Colon cancer, polyps, inflammatory bowel disease, diverticulosis.
Bronchoscopy
A procedure that uses a flexible scope to visualize the airways (bronchi) it helps in diagnosis of Lung infections, tumors, chronic cough, airway obstructions.
Nerve Conduction & EMG
Tests that measure electrical activity in muscles and the speed of nerve signals it helps in diagnosis of Neuromuscular disorders, carpal tunnel syndrome, myasthenia gravis, ALS.
Polysomnography
A test that records brain waves, oxygen levels, heart rate, and breathing during sleep Sleep apnea, insomnia, narcolepsy, restless legs syndrome
Doppler
An ultrasound test that measures blood flow through vessels it helps in diagnosis of (DVT), peripheral artery disease (PAD), carotid artery stenosis.
FAST
A rapid bedside ultrasound to detect free fluid (often blood) in the abdomen or chest it helps in diagnosis of Internal bleeding in trauma patients
D-dimer
A blood test that measures fibrin degradation products Suspected blood clots (e.g., DVT, pulmonary embolism).
Lactate
A blood test that measures the level of lactic acid in the blood it helps in diagnosis of Sepsis, shock, tissue hypoxia, lactic acidosis
Blood Culture
A test that detects the presence of bacteria or fungi in the blood it helps in diagnosis of Bacteremia, sepsis
Peripheral Smear
A microscopic examination of blood cells it helps in diagnosis of Anemias, leukemias, infections, hemolytic diseases.
X-ray Chest
Evaluate lung conditions (e.g., pneumonia, tuberculosis, pneumothorax), heart size, and the presence of fluid in the lungs or pleura.
X-ray Abdominal
Assess bowel gas patterns, detect free air (suggestive of perforation), and identify calcifications (e.g., kidney stones).
X-ray Skeletal
Evaluate bone integrity, detect fractures, and assess joint abnormalities.
X-ray Spine
Assess vertebral alignment, detect fractures, and evaluate for degenerative changes. It helps in diagnosis of Spinal fractures, scoliosis, spondylosis, spinal stenosis.
CT Head
Assess for brain injuries, stroke, tumors, and intracranial bleeding.
CTA Head & Neck
Evaluate blood vessels in the head and neck, especially in cases of suspected aneurysm or vascular malformations.
CT Chest
Detailed assessment of lung and mediastinal structures, often used in oncology, trauma, and pulmonary embolism evaluation.
CT Aorta
Assess for aortic aneurysms or dissections.
CT Abdominal/Pelvic
Evaluate abdominal organs, detect masses, infections, or bleeding.
CT Spine
Detailed imaging of the spinal cord and vertebrae, useful for trauma or degenerative disease.
MRA Head & Neck
Non-invasive imaging of blood vessels in the head and neck.
MRI Brain
High-resolution imaging for brain tumors, stroke, multiple sclerosis, and other neurological conditions.
MRI Spine(L&T)
Evaluate intervertebral discs, spinal cord, and surrounding structures.
MRI Joint
Detailed imaging of soft tissues like ligaments, tendons, and cartilage.
MRI Abdominal
Evaluate soft tissue structures in the abdomen, especially for liver, pancreas, and renal conditions. it helps in diagnosis of Liver tumors, pancreatic lesions, renal masses, abdominal aortic aneurysm.
US Abdominal
Evaluate liver, gallbladder, kidneys, and other abdominal organs .It helps in diagnosis of Gallstones, liver disease, kidney stones, abdominal masses.
US Pelvic
Evaluate reproductive organs, often used in obstetrics and gynecology It helps in diagnosis of Ovarian cysts, uterine fibroids, ectopic pregnancy, pelvic inflammatory disease.
US Lung
: Rapid assessment of pleural effusion, pneumothorax, or lung consolidation.
US Aorta
Evaluate for abdominal aortic aneurysms
US RUQ
Focused assessment of the liver, gallbladder, and biliary tree It helps in diagnosis of Gallstones, liver masses, biliary obstruction
US Renal
Assess kidney size, structure, and detect stones or masses It helps in diagnosis of Kidney stones, renal cysts, hydronephrosis, renal tumors.
US Soft tissue
Assess blood flow in arteries and veins, often used to detect clots or stenosis. It helps in diagnosis of (DVT), peripheral artery disease (PAD), carotid artery stenosis.
Results
Consultation
XCardiologist
Pulmonologist
Gastroenterologist
Neurologist
Endocrinologist
Nephrologist
Rheumatologist
Orthopedic Surgeon
General Surgeon
Specialist Opinions
Final Diagnosis
XCardiac Diseases
▼Respiratory Diseases
▼GIT Diseases
▼Neurological Diseases
▼Musculoskeletal Diseases
▼Endocrine Diseases
▼Hematologic Diseases
▼Genitourinary Diseases
▼psychiatric Diseases
▼Selected Final Diagnosis
Management
XCardiac Medication
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!Lisinopril is an ACE inhibitor used to treat hypertension and heart failure. It works by relaxing blood vessels, making it easier for the heart to pump blood.
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!Metoprolol is a beta-blocker used to treat high blood pressure, angina, and heart failure. It helps reduce the heart's workload by slowing down the heart rate and decreasing the force of contraction.
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!Amlodipine is a calcium channel blocker used to treat high blood pressure and angina. It works by relaxing the blood vessels, improving blood flow and reducing the heart's workload.!Furosemide is a loop diuretic used to treat edema associated with heart failure, liver disease, or kidney disease, as well as hypertension. It helps the body get rid of excess fluid by increasing urine production.!Hydrochlorothiazide is a thiazide diuretic commonly used to treat hypertension and edema associated with heart failure, renal dysfunction, or liver cirrhosis. It works by reducing sodium reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to increased urine output and decreased blood pressure.!Nitroglycerin is a nitrate used to relieve chest pain (angina) by dilating blood vessels, improving blood flow to the heart, and reducing its workload.!Isosorbide mononitrate is a nitrate used to prevent angina pectoris (chest pain) due to coronary artery disease. It works by dilating blood vessels, reducing the workload on the heart, and improving blood flow to the heart muscle.!Aspirin is an antiplatelet agent used to reduce the risk of heart attack and stroke by preventing blood clots from forming. It is also used in acute settings during a heart attack.!Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic medication used to treat and prevent various types of irregular heartbeats (arrhythmias). It works by stabilizing the heart's electrical activity.!Digoxin is a cardiac glycoside used to treat heart failure and atrial fibrillation. It increases the strength of the heart's contractions and helps to maintain a steady and strong heart rate.!Atorvastatin is a statin used to lower cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of cardiovascular events like heart attacks and strokes. It works by inhibiting an enzyme involved in cholesterol production in the liver.!Clopidogrel (also called Plavix) is an antiplatelet agent used to decrease the risk of heart attack and stroke. In the acute setting, it is used prior to percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in acute myocardial infarction.
Cardiac Procedures
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!A diagnostic and interventional procedure where a catheter is inserted into a blood vessel and guided to the heart to evaluate and treat cardiovascular conditions.!A non-surgical procedure used to treat narrowing of the coronary arteries of the heart found in coronary artery disease. It often includes balloon angioplasty and stent placement.!A surgical procedure to restore normal blood flow to an obstructed coronary artery by grafting a blood vessel from another part of the body.!An Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator (ICD) is a device implanted in patients at risk of sudden cardiac arrest. It continuously monitors heart rhythms and delivers electrical shocks to restore normal rhythm when life-threatening arrhythmias, such as ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation, are detected.!A procedure where a pacemaker, a small device that regulates heartbeats, is implanted in the chest to correct arrhythmias.!A procedure that restores a normal heart rhythm in people with certain types of abnormal heartbeats (arrhythmias) by sending electrical shocks to the heart.!A procedure to open narrowed or blocked blood vessels that supply blood to the heart by inflating a balloon and placing a stent to keep the artery open.!Surgical procedures to replace or repair one of the heart valves that control blood flow through the heart chambers!A surgical procedure to remove plaque from the inside of an artery to restore normal blood flow, often performed in carotid arteries to prevent stroke.
Respiratory Medication
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!Albuterol is a short-acting beta-agonist (SABA) bronchodilator used to relieve acute bronchospasm in conditions like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It works by relaxing the muscles around the airways.!Salmeterol is a long-acting beta-agonist (LABA) bronchodilator used in the maintenance treatment of asthma and COPD. It helps to keep the airways open by relaxing the muscles around them over a longer period.!Theophylline is a bronchodilator used to treat respiratory diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It works by relaxing the smooth muscles of the airways and reducing lung inflammation, thus improving airflow.!Ipratropium is an anticholinergic bronchodilator used in the management of COPD and sometimes asthma. It works by blocking the action of acetylcholine, leading to the relaxation of airway muscles.!!Prednisone is an oral corticosteroid used to treat severe asthma exacerbations and other inflammatory conditions by suppressing the immune response and reducing inflammation.!Montelukast is a leukotriene receptor antagonist used as a maintenance therapy for asthma and allergic rhinitis. It works by blocking substances that cause inflammation and bronchoconstriction.!Acetylcysteine is a mucolytic agent used to thin and loosen mucus in the airways, making it easier to cough up, especially in conditions like COPD and cystic fibrosis.!o Azithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used to treat respiratory infections like pneumonia and bronchitis. It works by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis.!Amoxicillin-Clavulanate (Augmentin) is a combination antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections, including respiratory tract infections. Amoxicillin is a penicillin antibiotic, and clavulanate inhibits beta-lactamase enzymes, making the antibiotic more effective.
Respiratory Procedures
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!A procedure to remove fluid or air from the pleural space (the space between the lungs and the chest wall) using a needle.!A surgical procedure to create an opening in the neck to place a tube into the trachea (windpipe) to allow air to enter the lungs.!Lobectomy is a surgical procedure involving the removal of one of the lobes of the lung. It is commonly performed to treat lung cancer, tuberculosis, or severe infections affecting one lobe. The procedure helps in removing diseased tissue and improving overall lung function.!A procedure that involves the adhesion of the pleural layers (lining of the lungs) to prevent the recurrence of pleural effusions or pneumothorax.!A surgical incision into the chest wall to gain access to the lungs, heart, esophagus, or other organs in the thoracic cavity.!
GIT Medication
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!Omeprazole is a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, and other acid-related disorders. It works by reducing the production of stomach acid.!Ranitidine is an H2-receptor antagonist used to reduce stomach acid production in conditions like GERD and peptic ulcers.!Sucralfate is a medication used to treat and prevent ulcers in the gastrointestinal tract. It forms a protective barrier over ulcers, allowing them to heal by shielding them from stomach acid and digestive enzymes.!Metoclopramide is a prokinetic agent used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), gastroparesis, and nausea/vomiting. It works by enhancing the motility of the upper gastrointestinal tract and increasing the rate of gastric emptying.!Ondansetron is an antiemetic used to prevent nausea and vomiting caused by surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy. It works by blocking serotonin receptors in the brain.!Lactulose is a laxative used to treat constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It works by drawing water into the bowel to soften stools and by reducing the absorption of ammonia in the intestines.!Loperamide is an antidiarrheal agent used to treat acute diarrhea and to reduce the frequency of bowel movements in patients with chronic diarrhea. It works by slowing down gut movement.!Hyoscine Butylbromide (also known as Buscopan) is an antispasmodic used to relieve cramps or spasms of the stomach, intestines, and bladder. It works by relaxing the smooth muscles of these organs.
GIT Procedures
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!Esophageal Dilation is a procedure used to widen narrowed areas (strictures) in the esophagus. It is often performed in patients with swallowing difficulties due to strictures caused by conditions like GERD, esophageal cancer, or radiation therapy.!A procedure to remove fluid from the abdominal cavity (peritoneal cavity) through a needle, commonly used to relieve pressure in ascites.!A surgical procedure to remove part or all of the stomach, often used to treat stomach cancer or severe ulcers.!A surgical procedure to remove hemorrhoids, which are swollen veins in the lower rectum and anus.!A surgical procedure to remove the gallbladder, usually to treat gallstones or inflammation!ERCP is a diagnostic and therapeutic procedure used to examine the bile ducts, pancreatic ducts, and gallbladder. It involves using an endoscope and fluoroscopy to identify and treat conditions such as gallstones, strictures, or tumors.!A surgical procedure to remove the appendix, typically performed to treat appendicitis.!o A surgical procedure to remove all or part of the colon, often used to treat conditions such as cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, or diverticulitis.!Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is a procedure to place a feeding tube directly into the stomach through the abdominal wall for patients who cannot eat by mouth.
CNS Medication
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!Phenytoin is an anticonvulsant used to prevent and control seizures. It works by stabilizing neuronal membranes and reducing the spread of seizure activity in the brain.!Valproate (also known as Valproic acid) is an anticonvulsant and mood stabilizer used to treat seizures, bipolar disorder, and to prevent migraine headaches. It works by increasing levels of GABA, a neurotransmitter that calms nerve activity.!Sertraline is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). It works by increasing serotonin levels in the brain.!Venlafaxine is a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) used to treat depression, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and panic disorder. It works by increasing serotonin and norepinephrine levels in the brain.!Amitriptyline is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) used to treat depression, chronic pain, and migraine prevention. It works by blocking the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine.!Mirtazapine is an antidepressant used to treat major depressive disorder. It has a dual mechanism of action, enhancing the release of norepinephrine and serotonin, while also blocking certain serotonin receptors, which contributes to its effectiveness in improving mood and anxiety.!Benzodiazepines (e.g., Diazepam, Lorazepam) are anxiolytics and sedatives used to treat anxiety, seizures, muscle spasms, and insomnia. They enhance the effect of GABA, a calming neurotransmitter.!Buspirone is an anxiolytic used to treat generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). It works by affecting serotonin receptors, reducing anxiety without sedative effects.!Haloperidol is a typical antipsychotic used to treat schizophrenia, acute psychosis, and Tourette syndrome. It works by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain.!Olanzapine is an atypical antipsychotic used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. It works by affecting various neurotransmitters, including dopamine and serotonin.!Clozapine is an atypical antipsychotic used to treat treatment-resistant schizophrenia. It is particularly effective in reducing the risk of suicidal behavior in schizophrenic patients. Clozapine works by blocking dopamine and serotonin receptors in the brain.!Lithium is a mood stabilizer primarily used in the treatment of bipolar disorder. It helps to reduce the severity and frequency of mania and depression episodes and may also prevent suicidal behavior in patients with mood disorders.!Zolpidem is a sedative-hypnotic used to treat insomnia. It works by enhancing the effect of GABA, promoting sleep.
CNS Procedures
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!A surgical procedure where a bone flap is temporarily removed from the skull to access the brain, often for tumor removal, aneurysm repair, or other brain conditions.!A surgical procedure to treat hydrocephalus (excess fluid in the brain) by diverting the fluid from the brain to the peritoneal cavity using a shunt.!A surgical procedure that involves implanting electrodes in specific areas of the brain to send electrical impulses, used to treat movement disorders like Parkinson’s disease.!o A surgical procedure to remove plaque from the carotid artery to prevent stroke by restoring normal blood flow to the brain.
Endocrine Medication
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!Insulin is a hormone used to manage blood sugar levels in people with diabetes. It helps glucose enter cells to be used for energy or stored for later use.!Metformin is an oral antidiabetic medication used to treat type 2 diabetes. It works by reducing glucose production in the liver and improving insulin sensitivity.!Sitagliptin is an oral hypoglycemic agent used to treat type 2 diabetes. It works as a DPP-4 inhibitor, which increases the levels of incretin hormones, thereby enhancing insulin secretion and reducing blood sugar levels after meals.!Levothyroxine is a synthetic thyroid hormone used to treat hypothyroidism. It works by replacing the hormone that the thyroid gland is unable to produce in sufficient quantities.!Hydrocortisone is a corticosteroid used to treat adrenal insufficiency and inflammatory conditions. It works by mimicking cortisol, a hormone that reduces inflammation and helps the body respond to stress.!Dexamethasone is a potent corticosteroid used to treat severe inflammation, allergic reactions, and certain types of cancer. It works by suppressing the immune system and reducing inflammation.!Estrogen is a hormone used in hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for menopause symptoms, birth control, and certain cancers. It works by replacing or supplementing estrogen levels in the body.!Progesterone is a hormone used in HRT, contraception, and to support pregnancy. It works by regulating the menstrual cycle and maintaining the uterine lining for pregnancy.!Testosterone is a hormone used in hormone replacement therapy for men with low testosterone levels. It is also used to treat certain cancers. It works by replacing or supplementing testosterone in the body.
Endocrine Procedures
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!Thyroidectomy is a surgical procedure to remove all or part of the thyroid gland. It is performed to treat thyroid cancer, hyperthyroidism, or goiter. Depending on the extent of thyroid removal, patients may require lifelong thyroid hormone replacement therapy.!A surgical procedure to remove one or more of the parathyroid glands, often performed to treat hyperparathyroidism, which can cause elevated calcium levels.!A surgical procedure to remove one or both adrenal glands, usually performed to treat tumors, adrenal cancer, or other conditions affecting adrenal function.!o A surgical procedure to remove tumors or abnormal growths in the pituitary gland, often performed via a transsphenoidal approach (through the nasal cavity).!A treatment used to supplement or replace hormones in conditions where hormone levels are deficient or absent, such as in menopause, hypogonadism, or after removal of endocrine glands.!is a treatment used for hyperthyroidism and certain types of thyroid cancer. It involves the oral administration of radioactive iodine, which is selectively taken up by thyroid cells, leading to their destruction and reducing thyroid hormone production.
Renal Medication
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!Furosemide is a loop diuretic used to treat edema associated with heart failure, liver disease, or kidney disease, as well as hypertension. It helps the body get rid of excess fluid by increasing urine production.!Hydrochlorothiazide is a thiazide diuretic used to treat high blood pressure and edema. It works by reducing fluid retention and lowering blood pressure.!Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic used to treat heart failure, hypertension, and conditions associated with excess aldosterone. It works by blocking aldosterone, a hormone that causes fluid retention.!Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (also known as Bactrim) is an antibiotic combination used to treat urinary tract infections (UTIs), respiratory infections, and certain types of diarrhea. It works by inhibiting bacterial growth.!Ciprofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic used to treat various bacterial infections, including UTIs, respiratory infections, and skin infections. It works by inhibiting bacterial DNA synthesis.!Tamsulosin is an alpha-blocker used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). It works by relaxing the muscles in the prostate and bladder neck, improving urine flow.!Finasteride is a 5-alpha reductase inhibitor used to treat BPH and male pattern baldness. It works by reducing the production of dihydrotestosterone (DHT), a hormone that causes prostate enlargement and hair loss.!Epoetin Alfa is an erythropoiesis-stimulating agent used to treat anemia in chronic kidney disease and cancer patients. It works by stimulating the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow.!Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone therapy used to treat anemia, particularly in chronic kidney disease and chemotherapy-induced anemia. EPO stimulates the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells, thereby increasing oxygen-carrying capacity in the blood.!Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressant used to prevent organ rejection after kidney, liver, or heart transplants. It works by inhibiting T-cell activation, which is crucial in the immune response leading to rejection of transplanted organs.
Renal Procedures
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!A procedure where a machine filters waste, salts, and fluid from the blood when the kidneys are no longer able to perform these functions naturally.!A procedure that uses the lining of the abdomen (peritoneum) and a solution called dialysate to remove waste products and excess fluid from the blood.!A non-invasive procedure that uses shock waves to break up stones in the kidney, bladder, or ureter so they can be passed out of the body in the urine.!A surgical procedure to remove part of the prostate gland through the urethra, commonly performed to relieve symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).!Ureteroscopy is a procedure used to diagnose and treat problems in the ureters and kidneys, such as kidney stones or tumors. It involves inserting a thin, flexible scope through the urethra and bladder into the ureter, allowing direct visualization and treatment of the affected area.!A procedure where a tube (catheter) is inserted into the bladder through the urethra to drain urine, used in various conditions like urinary retention or during surgery.!A surgical procedure to remove all or part of a kidney, performed to treat kidney cancer, severe kidney damage, or for kidney donation.!Kidney Transplant is a surgical procedure to replace a diseased kidney with a healthy one from a donor. It is a treatment option for patients with end-stage renal disease. Post-transplant, patients require lifelong immunosuppressive therapy to prevent organ rejection.
Musculoskeletal Medication
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!Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to reduce pain, inflammation, and fever. It works by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins, chemicals in the body that cause inflammation and pain.!Sulfasalazine is an anti-inflammatory medication used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It works by reducing inflammation in the joints and intestines, helping to alleviate symptoms like pain and diarrhea.!Methotrexate is a disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and certain types of cancer. It works by inhibiting the metabolism of folic acid, which is necessary for the rapid growth of cells, particularly in the immune system.!Etanercept is a biologic DMARD used to treat autoimmune conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and psoriasis. It works by inhibiting tumor necrosis factor (TNF), a substance in the body that causes inflammation.!Baclofen is a muscle relaxant used to treat muscle spasms caused by conditions such as multiple sclerosis and spinal cord injuries. It works by reducing the activity of nerves in the muscles.!Cyclobenzaprine is a muscle relaxant used to relieve muscle spasms associated with acute musculoskeletal conditions. It works by blocking nerve impulses (or pain sensations) that are sent to the brain, providing relief from muscle stiffness and discomfort.!Alendronate is a bisphosphonate used to treat and prevent osteoporosis by increasing bone density. It works by inhibiting the activity of osteoclasts, the cells that break down bone tissue.